Essay about A Jewish Marriage Ceremony - 1202 Words

A Jewish Marriage Ceremony In Hebrew, marriage is referred to as Kiddush in (sanctification) or nisuin (elevation). Marrying a Jewish partner is important mainly for the sake of the children, because whether a child is Jewish or not is determined only by its mother. Before the wedding, the bride-to-be goes to the Mikveh, the special immersion pool where women go to cleanse themselves from impurity (usually menstruation) and to start fresh. In this case, the woman goes as she is starting a new life with her fiancà ©. Before the wedding the man goes to the synagogue and they throw nuts and sweets at him to symbolize sweet life with his bride-to-be. Both the man and woman fast on the day of†¦show more content†¦The next stage is the BLESSINGS; the Rabbi recites two blessings over a cup of wine. The first is the blessing always recited before drinking wine (which the bride and groom will do shortly). The second praises God for sanctifying the people of Israel by His commandments about Marriage. The wine is then passed from the groom to the bride who will drink from the same cup, this shows that they are becoming as one. The fifth stage of the ceremony is the GIVING OF THE RING by the groom. The groom puts the ring on the bride’s right index finger and observed by two witnesses says, ‘behold, you are consecrated to me with this ring according to the Law of Moses and Israel. After the giving of the ring, is the READING OF THE KETUBAH. This is simply when the marriage contract is presented to the bride. The seventh stage of the ceremony is when the SEVEN BLESSINGS are given to the couple, usually by their fa mily and friends. The eighth stage of the ceremony is the BREAKING OF A GLASS done with the groom (it will be wrapped in paper for safety). The sound of breaking is a symbol of destruction calling to remind of then ancient Temple. The last stage of the marriage ceremony is when the couple ‘RETIRES’, they go to a room for their first moment of privacy as a married couple. Traditionally, the ceremony is followed by a celebration and festive meal at which friends and family rejoice andShow MoreRelatedWhat is homosexuality? Homosexuality is the romantic or sexual attraction or sexual behavior900 Words   |  4 PagesHomosexuality is the romantic or sexual attraction or sexual behavior between members of the same sex or gender. What is same sex marriage? Same sex marriage is marriage between two people of the same sex. The legal recognition of same-sex marriage or the possibility to perform same-sex marriage is called marriage equality or equal marriage. The recognition of same-sex marriage is a political, social, human rights, civil rights, and religious issue in many nations around the world, and there are continuousRead MoreWomen Of A Russian Jewish Woman By Pauline Wengeroff1364 Words   |  6 Pagesthis was reflected in the institution of marriage. Jews began to gradually change their views about marriage, and specifically about marriage age, ch oice of partner, and the role of each partner in approaching their marriage. Although such change seemed inevitable, it was something new for a group which historically was so grounded in the upkeeping of religious and cultural traditions. As representative of the early beginnings of change in Jewish marriage customs in the mid 1800’s, Pauline WengeroffRead MoreCultural Diversity Of The Jewish Community949 Words   |  4 PagesOne example of a historical heritage is the practice of wedding ceremonies among the Jewish community. The Jewish community has been practicing wedding ceremonies for many years where the preparations and procedures are very tedious, which takes months in order to prepare for this sacred event. When preparing for these ceremonies, it is important to understand that even though there are various types of ceremonies within the Jewish community, they all however, originated from a centralized resourceRead MoreThe Community Of East Africa1551 Words   |  7 Pagesculture group have family that are in the group already. Although, there are cases where outsiders join into other cultural groups. A way that this occurs is by marriage. Every culture has their own ways of going about a wedding ceremony. This paper will focus on the marriage ceremony of the Maasai community of East Africa and then the Jewish community, a religious group scattered around the world with many located in America. The Maasai are a cattle-keeping society of East Africa. Most of the peopleRead MoreEssay on Jewish Marriage1203 Words   |  5 PagesMarriage is a significant part of Judaism bringing together a woman and man under God’s reign. It is the mitzvah (122) â€Å"To marry a wife by means of ketubah and keddushin† (Deut 22:13), all Jewish adherents see marriage as a necessity in order to obey God and to experience the fullness of life. In Genesis God says: â€Å"It is not good for the man to be alone. I will make a helper suitable for him.† It is a link between individuals and the wider community as it recognises two individuals coming togetherRead MoreMeaning of Marriage in Different Cultures1737 Words   |  7 PagesIslam, marriage is a contract between two people. It is required that a certain amount of money be relayed to the bride. This idea of dowry derives from the word in Arabic; Mahr. Furthermore, like both Christianity and Judaism, Islam is strict on the co ncept of chastity. It is the element of staying pure. Seeing as marriage in Islam is concealed with intercourse, which is evident from the root of the world in Arabic meaning marriage. The Arabic of word Nikah can be translated to marriage and sexualRead MoreThe Rituals That Mark Milestones Occurring At The Beginning Of Life953 Words   |  4 Pagesadulthood, marriage and at the culmination of death during a Jewish person’s lifespan (Fortress, 1999). A Bris is a Jewish ceremony marking the beginning of a male child’s life. The Jewish community still to this day follow scripture found in the bible verse Genesis 1.5(Fortress, 1999 p. 77). Ballou (1972) mentioned that God spoke to Abraham instructing all male children to be circumcised on the eight day of life. This ritual was performed as a token of the covenant between God and the Jewish communityRead MoreAspects Of Ancient And Modern Israel Religion1637 Words   |  7 Pagesto its roots and beliefs based on the Hebrew Bible, especially the Torah. â€Å"Israel is the very embodiment of Jewish continuity: It is the only nation on earth that inhabits the same land, bears the same name, speaks the same language, and worships the same God that it did 3,000 years ago† (Krauthammer). The history is traced back to the ancestry, faith and the early leaders of the Jewish people, â€Å"They believe that God made a covenant, or agreement with their ancestors, and that it is their dutyRead MoreThe Culture Of Australian Aborigines1533 Words   |  7 Pagessimilar. Instinct sameness is the term for every individual being alike. This can be seen in the human psyche, which is basically the same for every man and woman. Furthermore, every human being craves love and seeks survival. Both, coming of age- and marriage rituals are shared by most cultures. While the rituals vary from culture to culture, coming of age rituals are usually supposed to mark a boy/girl’s entrance into adulthood. Safety is probably the number one affair we deal with and since the comingRead MoreThe Color Of Water By James Mcbride1727 Words   |  7 Pagesto his White Mother written by James McBride is a miraculous memoir about James’ and his mother’s life. He describes in detail what it was like growing up in a household with a white mother, a black father, and eleven black siblings. Biracial marriages and families were not the norm and nor was it accepted by society during that time. James encountered many misfortunes growing up and was constantly trying to figure out who he was because his family was different than other families. He felt that

Does the Media Correctly Portray Islam Essay - 861 Words

In a recent survey, a television network randomly asked people what came to mind when they heard the word Islam (Boston Globe 2005). The majority of the responses were 9/11, terrorists, suicide bombers, Saddam Hussein, and other things along those lines. This may have reinstated the opinions of those who thought poorly of Islam, and already believed it to be a United States hating terrorist religion. Now I see these fallacies even more clearly because I too had similar beliefs; but after taking a course on terrorism, I have since reconsidered my outlook. The survey did show to viewers, with more knowledge of Islam, the common misconceptions that many people in this country have. After 9/11 it was quite difficult for the media to shine†¦show more content†¦The fact that Islam is a religion with many similarities to Judaism and Christianity should show that Islam is not a word to fear, but to many Americans that is not enough. The media needs to show that Jihad is not a terror ist, but a word for Holy War. There are so many aspects of Islamic faith that are seldom discussed, which need to be put out in the open. There is now a clear Muslim presence in the US with numbers over six million (est.), making them the second largest religious group in the United States. They are normal people just like you and me, but follow all the rules being Muslim. There are many connections between Christians, Jews, and Muslims such as the fact that Abraham, Solomon and the queen of Sheba, and the disciples of Jesus were all mentioned in the Quran. These facts need to be repeatedly told to the American public, not to force them to like Islam, but to show them that it isnt what they thought. One of the strongest arguments against the fact that many Americans still believe Islamic Terrorists represent their religion as a whole, is that every religion has extremists, and extremist groups. Just because these groups say they are a part of that religion doesnt mean they represent the majority. The Ku Klux Klan was one of the most infamous Christian hate groups that targeted minorities. The AmericanShow MoreRelatedIslam( in the Eyes of Western Media)2244 Words   |  9 PagesISLAM (THROUGH THE EYES OF WESTERN MEDIA) By Jasmine Bhangoo The worldwide Islamic revival of the 1970s and the 11 September 2001 attacks on the United States have prompted many to predict that the two cultures are on a major collision course. Islam is the fastest growing religion in the West. Nevertheless, the West has many stereotypes and misconceptions about Islam that are due to the media, prejudice, and ignorance. Islam is often looked upon as a extremist, terroristRead MoreIslam and Western Media1930 Words   |  8 Pages11-21-2009 Hafiz M. K. Siddiqui Introduction to Islam Islam amp; Muslims in Western Media In July 12, 2008 publication of the New York Times, it was reported that the President of Sri Lanka was killed in a suicide attack. The religion of the suicide bomber was never reported. The very same newspaper (on November 5, 2009), reported that how a Muslim attacker attacked the US Base and killed US army soldiers. This discrimination against the Muslims and Islam is nothing but the fruit of Western Media’sRead MoreReligious Terrorism : Islamic Terrorism1586 Words   |  7 PagesWhat does an individual imagine when they hear the word â€Å"terrorist?† Stereotypically, one would picture a male with a darker complexion, a turban or head wrap on their head, and a lethal weapon. The weapon could range from a simple knife to a fully-locked and loaded AK-47. Why do people picture this figure? Well, people from all over the world can probably attribute the stereotypical terrorist image to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. It also does not help that today’ s social media thrivesRead MoreIslam Does Not Promote Violence And Terrorism2040 Words   |  9 PagesEman Haggagi Philosophy 101 Paper Proposal- Islam does not promote violence and terrorism I believe that there have been many misconceptions of Islam that are portrayed and plastered all over the news, media and even billboard for years now. Millions of Muslims living in the western world have found themselves under a lot of inspection by their societies. Charles Peirce a philosopher who is known for his methods for fixing belief proves a good point and idea in order for people to be more considerableRead MoreExample Of Heroism1907 Words   |  8 Pageshero can be anyone that has committed an act of heroism, by completing a task for the benefit of others instead of oneself. Our first heroes as children tend to be our parents. Society sets a standard, or guideline that determines if a person is correctly defined by the term heroism. A hero’s cause or morals also can evolve as society changes. Heroism throughout the course of history has changed as society has evolved. Acts of heroism are different than acts of bravery. All acts of heroism are actsRead MoreRacial Profiling Or Prejudice Based Upon Race970 Words   |  4 Pagespeople live in a media driven way. The media can sway the people s feelings towards a specific direction depending on the situation at hand. Racial profiling is a very touchy issue that all individuals can relate to. It is known as the inclusion of racial or ethnic attributes in deciding whether a person is considered likely to commit a specific type of crime or illegal practice. For example, the media has â€Å"demonized† the meaning to be Islamic, destroying the religion of Islam. The word demonizeRead MoreQuestions On Donald Trump s Letter1015 Words   |  5 Pagesand reassurance. I also think that since it made the news it might help find out who did send these letters. d. What is central to the work? What is peripheral? Is this significant? - I am not sure if I am going to answer this question correctly. But I think what is central here is to raise awareness that these kinds of things are not okay, it is actually illegal. What is peripheral to this is that presidential election. The article states â€Å"Trump’s campaign promises and rhetoric made someRead More islam in the united states Essay3208 Words   |  13 Pages the government and media. I believe that people running this country are Anti Islamic due to there view on things. Also this is a Zionist country, which is another reason that makes the media discriminate against the Muslim’s, due to the conflict with Palestine and other Muslim countries. The media has always portrayed Islam in a negative way. The reason the media is biased when it comes to Islam because they hate the Islamic structure and the beliefs. The majority of media conglomerate ownershipRead MoreHijab Battles Around the World2894 Words   |  12 Pagesand religions. My father was Christian and my mother was of an Islamic descent. I was always respectful to any religion, regardless of it’s beliefs, because it is a symbol of devotion and peace. When I grew up, I was fascinated to see how quickly Islam started to spread in Western parts of the world. My fascination was also followed by disbelief of how ignorant and cruel anti-islamic activists were, blaming every single act of terror and violence onto a religious group. I could believe it on a globalRead MoreIslamic Way of warfare23558 Words   |  95 Pages1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 08-06-2012 Master’s Thesis AUG 2011 – JUN 2012 4. TITLE

Value A Consumer Health Information Service -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Value A Consumer Health Information Service? Answer: Introduction Fitbit International has operated in the local Australian market through the past one year. The company provides products that help in transforming the lives of people through enhancing fitness activities. The company aims to help the customers feel empowered and have fun as they engage in physical exercise to manage health. Fitbit dates its operation in the past one decade since its formation in Boston, U.S.A. The company has been expanding operations to Japan, Singapore, China, South Korea, Denmark, England, Ireland, Belarus, India and the latest country of is Australia just recently. The market has grown steadily and is expected expand up to five times in the next five years. Wireless technology and sensors technology have been greatly taken up in the development of health and fitness trackers and enjoy an enormous market. The entry into Australian market has been facilitated by the steadily growing local market. The Australian population has been labeled to have a high early adop tion of the wearable technology. This report analyzes the launch of Fitbits wearable fitness and health trackers in Australia. Situation analysis The wearable health and fitness tracking products that are available in the local market are priced at US$19, and the highest is at US$349. There are several sellers in the market including Samsung, Garmin, Misfit, Nike, Google, Microsoft Apple, and Jawbone. The products of Fitbit are mid-priced, and the other established markets have grown through massive advertising and promotion strategies. Television media has been the most influential approach followed by magazines and lowest effect being reported in digital advertising. The market of wearable health and fitness tracking devices spreads across all types of the population from the young to the old in with more users being the women although the male consumers have a nearly high number. Retailers of sporting goods and supermarkets form the majority of the distribution channels(Sivapalan, 2017). Opportunities and issue statement Strengths Fitbit has a specialized product line as compared to the competitors in the fitness and exercise monitoring industry who engage in a wide range of products like computers and phones. Fitbit has a broad awareness of its brand with wide utility capabilities and device portfolio. The company uses a strategy of partnering with health insurance providers as the industry is mainstreaming toward healthcare. Fitbit products do not have third-party applications(Irina, 2017). Weaknesses The single product line of Fitbit is also a drawback in diversity branding. The company has a less established credibility in health and fitness when compared to some of the competitors. Most competing firms in the industry have a long-term brand loyalty because of the long presence in the market. Opportunities Corporates are continuing to expand their employee wellness programs through partnerships with healthcare providers. A great opportunity stands in the future development of capabilities of the devices. Fitbit will also be able to sell data for research as long as the privacy of consumers is protected. Threats Start-ups in the industry pose a challenge to the growth and position of Fitbit because of low prices. Other competitors constitute a threat to the youth portion of the market which is image-conscious(Mayura, 2014). Other long-time established brands occupy the industry with a significantly high customer loyalty. Marketing objectives The Australian market is conscious of health, fitness and exercise tracking and this means that Fitbit has to stay at the brink of technology to be ahead of the competitive and fast-changing industry(Camilleri, 2017). The objective of marketing programs in the new market will be to position the company on top amid competition by reclaiming the taken market share. All the plans should propel the firm to create customer loyalty so that it will grow without many difficulties. Fitbit has divided its products into active and performance fitness according to price(Rosenthal, 2017). Marketing strategies The segmentation, targeting and positioning strategies Marketing mix will be aimed at targeting the appropriate market segment, promotion of value, positioning and branding to create a competitive advantage. The 7Ps tools of price, promotion, product, people, placement, physical environment, packaging, and the process will be used to develop an appropriate marketing strategy(Wood, 2016). Market segmentation will be based on capabilities which determine the needs of users and pricing. Target segmentation in the international market is centered on levels of fitness. The fitness levels are divided into casual exercisers and the consumers who are seriously focused on fitness. Fitness level, gender, education, age, and income will be used for targeting the market(Wattenhofer, 2016). A significant portion of frequently exercising consumers are not athletes aged between 25 years and 45 years, the women who are health-conscious, the educated and the middle class on the upper end. Price is the primary factor influencing the purchase of wearable fitness tracking devices. Some cheap end competitors have fewer features and will not shatter Fitbit in their financial packages. The strategies will help to create and increase awareness of products and the brand, become a market leader, add new product features and enhance personalization settings(Weber, 2017). Marketing mix The exclusive partnering with corporates, health clubs, and insurance companies will enable sharing of tracking data. The partnerships will offer discounts on co-pays, premiums, and deductibles. Classes apparel and membership fees may also be cut. Insurance firms will gain relevant information that will help in serving their clients(Rosenthal, 2017). Discounts will assist to develop loyalty and act as an incentive to increase sales for the price-sensitive consumers. Sharing of data will be voluntary through sign-ups, this way, privacy will not be infringed. Partnerships will give a shared promotion for Fitbits products and brand. Budget and profitability analysis Approximately 3,500,000 devices will be sold in the first year of launch costing the company $1.4 billion manufacturing costs and $5 million in advertising and promotions. The total revenue for sale is approximated at $3.5 billion. (Oelschlegel, et al. 2017) Monitoring and control The information for checking progress will be provided by the devices. Integration with computers will help in capturing and analysis of data. The industry trends have to be kept up to date, and the appliances kept in line with the needs of the consumers(Enama, 2017). Conclusion Forging partnerships with fitness clubs and insurance companies seeks to create a win-win situation for Fitbit, the companies, and the individual users. Fitbit will then increase sales and get an incentivized beneficiary sigh-ups and save money on costs of health and exercise. Another benefit is an increase in membership and an encouraged purchase of the apparel. Consumers will save money as well as get improved health and fitness. The promotion capacity created by insurers will help in the rolling out of the wearable products and brand awareness. Summary The report has analyzed the Fitbit company in its production of wearable exercise and fitness devices with an aim to create a marketing plan for the entry in Australia. The most appropriate strategy has been identified to be partnerships with corporates such as insurers, healthcare companies, and health clubs. Fitbit has several strengths over the competitors, and the local industry has a high potential for adoption and growth. The effective means of overcoming internal weaknesses and the industry threats will be to keep abreast in technology adoption to enhance functionalities. References Camilleri, A., 20171. Market segmentation, targeting, and positioning. Market Planning, 31(1), p. 27. Enama, A., 2017. Research on Market Development Strategy. Exercise and Fitness, 4(12), pp. 1-27. Irina, E., 2017. SWOT analysis, its implementation, and role for a foreign company. Marketing Planning, 2(1), pp. 128-136. Mayura, J., 2014. S.W.O.T analysis. Marketing Strategies, 2(31), p. 97. Oelschlegel Sandy, Doyle Donna, 2017. Collaboration, Visibility, and Relationship Marketing: Driving Use and Demonstrating Value of a Consumer Health Information Service. Journal of Healthy Living, 21(1), pp. 1-10. Rosenthal, B., 2017. The brand meaning co-creation process on Facebook. Marketing Intelligence Planning, 9(4), pp. 188-196. Sivapalan, A., 2017. An application of retailing service quality practices influencing customer loyalty toward retailers. Marketing Intelligence Planning, 17(9), pp. 1-53. Wattenhofer, R., 2016. Outdoor Sports Route Generation. Exercise Tracking, 9(4), pp. 76-101. Weber, N., 2017. Matching the business model with the unique customer journey. Customer Loyalty, 18(4), pp. 1-15. Wood, L., 2016. Methods and apparatus to improve marketing strategy with purchase driven planning. Market planning, Volume 7, p. 54.

William Butler Yeats

William Butler Yeats played an influential role in shaping modern literature through his use of innovative and figurative poetry. For Yeats, symbolism was not an artistic feature for embellishing his poetry, rather a means of effective and innovative expressing his thoughts on different themes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on William Butler Yeats specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the poem ‘Leda and the Swan’ Yeats presents the brutal rape of Leda a human, by a swan. The swan is actually Zeus, the Greek God in disguise, who assumes the different form only to rape Leda. The poem is a powerful presentation of the rape, which is a destructive act by a divine creature, Zeus, the Greek God. Symbolism and vivid imagery have been used throughout the poem. The swan, a symbol of peace, innocence and purity has been used to conduct a ghastly, destructive and evil act. Yeats’ use of symbolic words and e vocative language present the reader with the clear image of the bizarre act – a swan raping a human. In the following paragraph from the poem â€Å"Leda and the Swan†, W. B. Yeats vividly and symbolically expresses the cold and brutal act of Leda’s rape by the swan (Zeus). â€Å"A sudden blow: the great wings beating still Above the staggering girl, her thighs caressed By the dark webs, her nape caught in his bill, He holds her help less breast upon his breast.† (1-4) These opening lines of the poem present a vivid and terrifying picture of the aggressive violent rape of Leda by the Greek God Zeus, who has transformed into a swan to preserve his identity. Yeats introduces the reader to the aggressive and horrific act creating a sense of urgency with the words, â€Å"A sudden blow: the great wings beating still†. The line prepares and initiates the reader into the violent act of rape which is about to occur. Leda is a â€Å"staggering girl†, a helpless victim of rape by a swan with â€Å"the great wings†. The wings of the swan symbolize the strength, speed and power of the bird. Words such as â€Å"blow† â€Å"beating† â€Å"staggering† â€Å"dark webs† symbolize the atrociousness and the force of the act of rape. The term â€Å"great† symbolizes the divinity of Zeus who is the soul within the swan. Leda is taken by surprise by the attack. It is almost suddenly that she finds â€Å"her thighs caressed by the dark webs† of the swan. The act of rape is in itself a presentation of the divine force, Zeus (the swan), attacking the weak human spirit Leda.Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Zeus is divine as compared to Leda who is human; Zeus has â€Å"great wings† and â€Å"dark webs† while Leda is a weak â€Å"staggering girl†, a clear picture of hel plessness with her neck â€Å"caught in his bill†. Zeus uses his might and force to control Leda as he yields a â€Å"sudden blow† to her. These descriptive words lend a contrasting sense of power and obscurity to the swan, which is actually a symbol of peace, purity and elegance. According to Greek mythology, Zeus, the Greek God takes the form of a swan to rape Leda. The bird, a swan is actually a symbol of peace, purity and beauty. Zeus disguises himself as a swan and gives it a frightening and destructive appearance with the horrific act. Yeats presents the swan symbolically to contrast Zeus’ ghastly act with the elegance and purity a swan represents. The swan has been used by Yeats as a symbol of violence and terror in contrast with the more popular motif of peace and beauty. This essay on William Butler Yeats was written and submitted by user Maritza Langley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Mississippi Burning

Mississippi Burning During the civil rights movement the south was a highly controversial location for both blacks and whites. The movie Mississippi Burning displayed a town’s conflict between civil rights and racial discrimination. The film attempted to capture the atmosphere and emotional tension that the murders of the three civil rights activists created. Most of the debate surrounding the film has focused on disagreements of how it portrays key events in the history of the civil rights movement. The issues that are highly focused on are the presentation of the white southern men and women, the depiction of the F.B.I. agents’ process of capturing those at fault for the murder and the agents’ determination to fight for the civil rights cause. The white southerners of Mississippi are illustrated as dirty, uneducated, racist monsters. This image is stereotypical of white southerners during the black civil rights movement. Without living through these sensitive times, there can only be speculation about what really happened down south, the image projected seemed to be exaggerated. This representation gave the impression that Mississippi had its own way of life, which included a harsh discrimination towards blacks. As described in the book The Strange Career of Jim Crow, by C. Vann Woodward, the northern society was given just as much credit for the horrible conditions the blacks were put under during the civil rights movement as the southern society. The wife of the deputy may have been coerced into the information she revealed but in my opinion there would have been more people willing to fight for justice then protect someone who committed such a heinous crime. The movie showing many of the towns’ people withholding the information only inflated the immoral picture created for southernism. After an unsuccessful effort the F.B.I. to solve the murder case with due process of law, the agents try a few less questionable metho... Free Essays on Mississippi Burning Free Essays on Mississippi Burning Mississippi Burning During the civil rights movement the south was a highly controversial location for both blacks and whites. The movie Mississippi Burning displayed a town’s conflict between civil rights and racial discrimination. The film attempted to capture the atmosphere and emotional tension that the murders of the three civil rights activists created. Most of the debate surrounding the film has focused on disagreements of how it portrays key events in the history of the civil rights movement. The issues that are highly focused on are the presentation of the white southern men and women, the depiction of the F.B.I. agents’ process of capturing those at fault for the murder and the agents’ determination to fight for the civil rights cause. The white southerners of Mississippi are illustrated as dirty, uneducated, racist monsters. This image is stereotypical of white southerners during the black civil rights movement. Without living through these sensitive times, there can only be speculation about what really happened down south, the image projected seemed to be exaggerated. This representation gave the impression that Mississippi had its own way of life, which included a harsh discrimination towards blacks. As described in the book The Strange Career of Jim Crow, by C. Vann Woodward, the northern society was given just as much credit for the horrible conditions the blacks were put under during the civil rights movement as the southern society. The wife of the deputy may have been coerced into the information she revealed but in my opinion there would have been more people willing to fight for justice then protect someone who committed such a heinous crime. The movie showing many of the towns’ people withholding the information only inflated the immoral picture created for southernism. After an unsuccessful effort the F.B.I. to solve the murder case with due process of law, the agents try a few less questionable metho...

SWOT Analysis of Cedarville Jail

SWOT Analysis of Cedarville Jail Introduction A mission statement provides an organization with direction, and assists in formulating strategies. As the new CEO of Cedarville jail, I will need to review the current mission statement in order to reflect the organization’s desired goals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on SWOT Analysis of Cedarville Jail specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to write a mission statement of an organization, one needs to analyze the organization, with SWOT analysis method that examines strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats being the commonly used. The analysis helps to examine the internal and external factors affecting an organization (Bohm, 2009, p. 2). Thus, this paper will use the SWOT analysis tools to evaluate Cedarville Jail, and then develop its mission statement. Furthermore, the paper will also provide the jail’s statement of key objectives. SWOT Analysis Strength The jail has adequate housing facilities for both juvenile and adult inmates, in addition to superior security technology. Having been recently built, these facilities do not require expensive repairs or maintenance. Similarly, there is adequate support from governments and other stakeholder. Indeed, the government is willing to allocate additional revenue to the management of the jail. Besides, I have been provided with adequate time to effect the changes, with the assistance of my deputy. Weakness The major weakness facing Cedarville jail is the morality of personnel and their lack of proper training. The prevailing organizational culture is that of macho, rather than care giving and rehabilitation. Additionally, the jail lacks important amenities namely counseling, chaplain and library for both inmates and staff. Further, the financial status of the jail is in disarray, with the financial accounting department in need of restructuring. Another factor affecting the prison is reported case of drugs and substance abuse by personnel. In addition, there is inequality in recruitment of staff in the jail, with women exclusively being employed in the lowly clerical jobs only. Opportunities The jail usually benefits from substantial amount of grants from federal and state governments, thus has an opportunity to rehabilitate juveniles without financial strain. The jail also has the opportunity of cutting its operational costs by outsourcing certain services such as gardening, cleaning and janitorial services.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Threats The management of juvenile is under review, which can result to introduction of voucher program where juveniles will be moved to other facilities. However, the Cedarville jail will loss substantial amount of funding if this program is approved. Moreover, the county supervisors require changes in the jail to be effected in thre e months. Mission Statement A mission statement outlines the direction a company wishes to follow (MyStrategicPlan, n.d). Thus, mission statements should capture the organization’s core purpose and motivate all stakeholders to achieve set goals (Talbot, 2003, p.10). The mission of Cedarville jail is to provide safe and secure environment for incarcerated persons, facilitate their rehabilitation through competent personnel. Statement of key objectives The mission of the jail will be attained through the following objectives: to train the workforce on appropriate methods of handling and rehabilitation of inmate, and provide necessary education and rehabilitation programs for incarcerated persons. Others include seeking to collaborate with local community to facilitate integration of ex-convicts in the community, and aiming to continuously improving security in the jail to prevent breakouts or suicides. Conclusion Generally, an organization’s mission statement addresses t he purpose of the organization, organization’s goals, and the reason why an organization exists. This statement helps to develop the organization’s goals and strategies. Additionally, mission statement should be concise and easy to understand. Before formulating a mission statement, a comprehensive evaluation of the organization is necessary, with SWOT analysis being the most commonly used model of evaluation. References List Bohm, A., 2009. The SWOT Analysis. Berlin: GRIN Verlag. MyStrategicPlan. N.d. Developing Your Mission Statement. Nevada: MyStrategicPlan.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on SWOT Analysis of Cedarville Jail specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Talbot, M., 2003. Make your mission statement work: identify your organization’s values and live them every day. Oxford: How To Books Ltd.

Anglo and Afro- American Folk Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Anglo and Afro- American Folk Music - Essay Example In those days American folklore was intricately associated with politics and the Almanacs were preceded by the likes of The Collective, which was a group bent upon revolutionizing the world of music through their songs of protest. However, the Collectives were not very successful in their endeavor (Dunaway,1). The Almanacs barely completed two years and had recorded only about three dozen songs yet each song gained immense popularity. Like the Collectives, the Almanacs followed the political cue. In fact, today they are hailed as one of the pioneers of protest –singing of the 960s. The group started in 1940 when Pete Seeger, Millard Lampell and Lee Hays came together. Pete Seeger and Lee Hays had already started singing at political parties organized by the left front. The name â€Å"Almanac† was selected since in rural areas the Bible and the Almanac was found in all homes and the latter helped people get through this worldly life. One can barely keep away politics when it comes to discussing the great works produced by the group. So basically, much of the collection of songs of the groups were inspired by politics and in most cases reflected political standing of the times. The group advocated isolationism, which was rendered as a moot especially after the Pearl Harbor. The songs sung by the Almanacs such as â€Å"Which Side are you on† written by Florence Reece or â€Å"Solidarity Forever† which later became the anthem of the U.S. Labor Movement and numerous other songs inspired emerging and free-thinking musicians and gypsies. The impact of their intense passion and unity inspires songwriters and singers even today. Even though the Almanacs themselves did not belong to the working class; most of their songs were aimed at the working class. All the members of the Almanac were associated with left front politics and all their functions and public events were aimed at luring people to join

The Nature of War and US Security Policy in the Aftermath of the Cold Essay

The Nature of War and US Security Policy in the Aftermath of the Cold War - Essay Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that as one of the most significant conflicts in modern human history, the Cold War was marked by high expectations of conflict and violence, as well as continuous detailed planning and mobilization for war by the USSR, the US, and their respective allies. Over the course of the Cold War, hegemonic relations and alliances around the US and the USSR incorporated most of the free world with both countries occupying opposite and confrontational positions on most international issues. As a result, countries in the sphere of each hegemon were always in a state of military readiness and the risk of war was ever-present. Indeed, the most bloody post-WWII wars were fought by proxies of the USSR and the US, including the Korean War and the Vietnam War. With the end of the Cold War in 1991, however, global conflicts did not decline and, in fact, there were over 115 violent conflicts reported in the first ten years of the post-Cold War period. Gray states that while some aspects of war have changed since the end of the Cold War, the objective nature of war has remained unchanged even as the subjective nature of war has changed. Deutsch also notes that war has not dissipated with the fall of the Soviet Union, but has only changed in terms of strategy and symmetry. This paper aims to show that the end of the Cold War altered the security policy of the US by replacing a conventional military adversary with a more mobile and asymmetrical adversary. Newman broadly defines the Cold War as the relationship that developed between the USSR and the US following their joint triumph against Nazi Germany in WWII. The unique nature of this relationship came to dominate international affairs for almost five decades and led to several major crises like the Hungarian revolution, the Vietnam War, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Korean War, and the Soviet-Afghan War. Possibly the tensest issue was the proliferation of nuclear weap ons and other weapons of mass destruction in preparation for eventual war.

National Centre for Missing and Exploited Essay Example for Free

National Centre for Missing and Exploited Essay With the advancement of technology; Desk top computers, lap tops or note book computers, PDAs, Mobile hand sets etc. and with the aid of wired and wireless networks, access to Internet world or Instant Messaging (IM) opened up a whole new dimension of human experience. Cyberspace has been mentioned so often that it may at this point seem trite and overly commercialised. Cyberspace is currently used in a primarily symbolic sense and is mostly associated with the Internet. When a user sits in front of a computer and switches it on, they can bring up an environment of hypertext. It can seem like there is, behind the screen, an immense reservoir of information, which is also constantly being added to. A user is certainly aware that the people and processes that generate this information, and places where the information is stored, are not behind the screen or in the hard drive, but we nevertheless take the computer as a gateway to another place where other people have done similar things. Conceptually, we tend to envision a non-physical space existing between here and there, and believe that we can access that space by utilizing computer-based technologies. We send messages to others by e-mail, or talk to others in a chat room. Cyber-culture is significant, but it is still non-consequential at the ontological level. The more exciting thing is that cyberspace and virtual reality can go even further. Combining it with the technology of teleoperation, we can enter into cyberspace and interact with artificial objects to manipulate the actual physical process. Cyberspace hasnt yet replaced the telephone, but instant messaging is becoming an indispensable means of teen socialization, according to a study out. Nearly three out of four online teens 13 million use instant messages (IMs), according to the study of kids ages 12 to 17 from the Pew Internet American Life Project. It clearly states that teens are fond of using instant messaging to pass information for various purposes. Cyberspace attracts teens who are between 14 and 16 year old, said Lisa Carlton. Instant messaging, which requires downloadable software (or comes built in with America Online and some other Net providers), allows users to carry on one or more real-time conversations simultaneously in text windows that pop up on a users computer screen. The above report says teens use IMs to communicate with teachers about schoolwork, flirt, ask someone out and even break up. Most of the teens realize that messaging system has become part of their life up to some extent. Some newer concepts of instant messaging try to make a decentralized instant messaging system via peer-to-peer technology. In such a system, a distributed hash table lookup is used to determine if buddies are online or not. This approach tries to make instant messaging independent of a central authority. Everything they talk about in the offline world has migrated online, says Pews Amanda Lenhart, principal author of the study. Some of the most difficult conversations these kids have happen over instant messaging. On average, a teen IM session includes online chat with more than three friends simultaneously, Pew says. This survey provides basis for teens trends of modern living. Instant messaging, a skill, maybe an ability, but its something our young people can do, says Joseph Walther, a communications professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, N. Y. , and editor of the Journal of Online Behavior. He says researchers at Cornell University define split or simultaneous attention as the capacity to do two different communication skills at the same time. Among other findings, Most online teens (69%) engage in IM conversations several times weekly; 35% IM every day; 45% IM every time they go online. Close to half of teens (46%) say they spend between a half-hour and an hour on instant messaging each session; and an additional 21% say they spend more than an hour on a typical session. Time span of using instant messaging system by teens reflects their requirement for availing these services to utilise every moment of life purposeful. But theres a flip side to continuous conversation. Cornell found that some students were using wireless devices to IM friends during class while pretending to take notes and had lower grades. Another study released last month found that college students -especially lonely freshmen -who stayed up late to IM friends tended to miss more classes and be unprepared for coursework. This is a drawback of such an advanced technology and students must be trained for proper utilisation of services. (USATODAY. com) Another report published in USA TODAY indicates- Thirteen-year-old singer Brittney Cleary wanted to debut with a song most kids her age could relate to. So she picked a tune about love. Her song is called IM ME, a reference to instant messaging, the online technology that allows computer users to carry on typewritten, private conversations in real time. Cleary, who lives in Nashville, Tenn. , says she and her buddies talk online about everything. David Silver, director of the Resource Centre for Cyber culture Studies at the University of Washington, likens abbreviated instant messaging talk to slang derived from hip-hop music. In some ways, its very clever, Silver says. Like other forms of slang, it allows youth to talk amongst themselves without adults really understanding what theyre saying. Consider, for example, the online term POS: parent over shoulder. Silver jokingly calls Clearys song the fall of Western civilization. But he adds, Actually, Im kind of wondering why it took so long. It really does reflect the rapid mainstreaming of cyber culture into American culture and especially youth culture. From the mundane to the emotionally charged, there are no limits to the ways todays kids connect and bond over instant messages (IMs) those pop-up text windows used for carrying on real-time conversations online. Its not just empty rattle on. Theyre using (IMs) to have difficult conversations- someones talking behind your back and you want to confront them, says Amanda Lenhart of the Pew Internet American Life project. Its survey, finds that nearly three-fourths of online kids ages 12 to 17 rely on IMs to keep in touch with friends. For example-Caroline Barker, 16, is among 35% of teens that use IMs daily; she chats with about 10 close friends and 50 acquaintances in the Bethesda, Md. , area. Its especially good for making plans, or if youre just bored, she says. Teens offer insight to the complex social rules that come with a form of communication that still has many adults bewildered. We see teens up at all hours of the night IM-ing. Thirty years ago, teens were on the phone all night, says Joseph Walther, editor of the Journal of Online Behavior. This could be another step in our own communication evolution. Pews survey of 754 teens finds that face-to-face interaction and phone contact have been partially replaced by IMs. Teens use them to nurture friendships, begin and end romantic relationships and mediate difficult conversations with the emotional distance the Net provides. Pew says 17% of the teens have used IMs to ask someone out, 13% to break up. Sometimes IM misunderstandings (text messages lack body language and voice tone) can spark hurt feelings and feuds, but different fonts and keyboard symbols can make smiley or sad faces, known as emotions. For Barker and her friends, even the subtle difference between Hi and Hey that most adults dismiss sets the whole mood for a conversation. â€Å"Hi is formal, and it means you’re busy and you don’t really want to talk. Or maybe you’re mad about something,† explains Hillary Lowenberg, Hey is more open and informal and friendly, and you’re in the mood to IM. † Many people find instant messages intrusive, and 57% of teens surveyed said they have blocked IMs, and 64% have refused to respond to IMs from someone they were mad at. Still, 48% of online teens believe IMs, warts and all, improve friendships. Among frequent users, 60% say it helps friendships. While 61% of teens agree that the Internet is not ideal for making new friends, they use Net tools to broaden their networks of friends. Pew used several teen focus groups and online discussions to delve more deeply into teen Net use. Some teens say they give out their IM user name instead of phone number to new friends or potential dates. Many believe that instant messaging allows them to stay in touch with people they would not otherwise contact for instance, those who are only casual acquaintances, or who live outside their communities, the report says. More than 90% of teens surveyed said they IM with friends who live far away, such as those they met at camp. The study found a growing number of teens sharing passwords a practice Internet service providers warn against. But more than a fifth of Pew respondents (22%) say theyve done it. Its a new symbol of trust and friendship, says Pew project director Lee Rainie. In the pre-Internet days, one way to show how fond you were of someone was to give out a locker combination. Lenhart notes that parents are a little mystified about why kids find this a satisfying conversation. If you didnt grow up with it, youd think in some way it was less than a face-to-face. But 64% of teens say they know more than their parents about using the Net — and 66% of parents agree. According to BBC NewsUS teenagers prefer instant messaging rather than e-mail to stay in touch with each other, research shows. A Pew Internet and American Life Project study found online teens are increasingly tech-savvy. Nearly nine out of 10 teenagers say they use the net, up from 74 percent in 2000, according to the Pew study. While e-mail is seen as a tool for communicating with adults, instant messaging was proving the most popular way to chat with friends. Three-quarters 75% of online teenagers in the US have used IM, the survey found, with personalised features proving popular. Features such as buddy icons are a popular way for teenagers to express and differentiate themselves. Major activity teens do online are-Send or read e-mail: 89%Visit websites about TV, music or sport stars: 84%Play online games: 81%Online news: 76%Send or receive instant messages: 75% half of these say they go online every day, according to the Pew study. The amount of time American teenagers are spending online and the range of things they are doing have both increased. Just over 50% of those online use a broadband connection, 81% play games online, 76% get news online and 43% make purchases. Increasing numbers of teenagers live in a world of nearly ubiquitous computing and communication technologies that they can access at will, said report co-author Amanda Lenhart. Their fondness with being online even extends to when they are physically away from the computer. Instant Messaging away messages, in effect, maintain a presence in this virtual IM space, said co-author Mary Madden. The power users of the online teen world are girls aged 15-17, the survey found. Some 97% of this age range has used instant messaging, and 57% have sent a text message. They are also more likely to have bought something online and used the web to search for information on health, religion and entertainment topics. A representative sample of 1,100 teens between 12 and 17 and their parents in the US were interviewed by phone. Teens and youth are excessively using IMs, It is imperative to develop certain rules and preventive measures to protect them from technology hazards. A Resource Guide for Parents covers a broad range of Internet privacy and safety topics. There are no easy answers to ensure your child has harm-free experiences on the Internet. Likewise, there are no truly effective technology-based solutions. In the final analysis, there is no substitute for parental involvement in childrens exploration of cyberspace. Following are certain measures to be taken care of- -Privacy policy. Read the privacy policy statements on the web sites visited by your children. Teach older children to do the same. -Encourage your children, especially teens, to take responsibility for their online behavior by establishing a contract with them. The Federal Trade Commissions Site seeing on the Internet provides sample language, -Family rules. You can establish family rules for online computer use. Among those suggested by the National Centre for Missing and Exploited- -Tell your children never to give out identifying information such as family information, home address, school name, or phone number in chat room discussions and when visiting web sites, Explain to children that passwords must never be given to anyone else, even someone claiming to be from the online service, Warn your children not to respond to messages that are threatening, suggestive, demeaning, or otherwise make you or the child uncomfortable. Tell them to report such messages to you. The psychological qualities of cyberspace are determined by the hardware and software that constitute computers and the online world. An Op has the power to throw you off an IRC channel; lag can destroy conversation in a chat group; the reply-to in listserv group might send your e-mail to the whole list or just to the sender of the message. All of these factors affect the psychological feel of the environment. With the rapid advancement of wireless network technologies, wireless communications and mobile-based information services are changing people’s life style. How to provide mobile users with cost-effective wireless information services is becoming a hot topic for wireless vendors References: 1) Jon Ippolito (December 1998–January 1999). Cross Talk: Is Cyberspace Really a Space? . Artbyte: 12–24. 2) USA today, 06/12/2001, 2001 The Associated Press 3) Karen Thomas, USA TODAY, 2006 4) Christine Morente, Teen find support in cyberspace, San Malco County Times, January 4, 2005. 5) Malcolm R Parks; making friends incyberspace, Vol-46; 1996 6) BBC News, 28th July;2005 7) Gao, J. ; Modak, M. ; Dornadula, S. ; Shim, S. ; e-Commerce Technology, 2004. CEC 2004. Proceedings. IEEE International Conference on 6-9 July 2004 Page(s):337 341

Computer Hackers :: Personal Narrative Profile Essays

Personal Narrative- Computer Hackers My perception of hackers was crafted long ago, by my brother, a hacker himself. He was involved with all manner of clandestine activites and tied up our phone line for hours. I, of course, never understood what he was involved with, but remember being excited when he broke into an army base, as the military was my passion at the time. I also never understood the constant calls from strange men our family would receive, nor did my parents. Now, my brother claims it was the FBI investigating him. Whether this is true or not, I do not know, but what I have always believed of hackers is that a certain mystique and romance is important to their work. He was excited by the fact that the FBI would be interested in him. Hackers use something as easily accessible as a PC to create great waves in the larger world. Although their tasks are often effective, they are not the most practical breed. Simply the fancy nomenclature they use and their tendency to form hacking groups shows that a full culture has developed. I have always been under the impression that most hackers did not find their calling for functional reasons, but to join a popular youth subculture. That is why I am not surprised that the vast majority were and are young, at least when the culture arose in the eighties. The identity with a formally named group further shows this need to belong. The wit of their stunts and insistence on a personal touch also shows that hacking is an artistic outlet. I was surprised that even in a political movement as developed as the Zapatistas, this facet of hacking remains. The Electronic Disturbance Theater, as their name suggests, view themselves as performance artists. I was also surprised at how the hacking community has evolved since TRS-80s from Radio Shack were the standard. The community has legitimized itself in many ways. I always believed that wreaking havoc was the main priority of hacking groups, and that their romantic fervor for it could not be quelled. Bloodaxe's final letter in Phrack exemplifies how mistaken I was. Not only is he disgusted by the community, but he admits that he and his contemporaries may have grown up. Perhaps, he is implying that many of their stunts were puerile. I also did not expect that hackers would cross the line to aid the corporate and government machines that they once opposed.

Why Should Abortion be illegal?

Abortion is taking the life off new human being. Many people would say that it's not human to kill another person but what makes abortion any different from that? The main reason why many women abort is because they're too young and are scared of the Impact a baby will make In there life, they don't have enough money to support a child, or their relationship starts falling after finding out they're pregnant. As a Christian I was taught that abortion Is wrong and that only God can determine who lives and dies. Not only is abortion wrong but it can also cause severe damage to our body not only physically but psychologically.If you're not ready to take care of a child on your own don't abort put your child up for adoption, there are thousands of couples who would love to have a child but can't and are just waiting for a baby to adopt. Abortion is not justified because adoption is another choice, women often have side affects both physically and psychologically and you are taking the bab y's right of life away, killing is never right under any circumstance, therefore abortion should be Illegal. Adoption Is another option, give your child to a nice family who will take care and purport the baby the way It should be.There Is 36 couples waiting for ever one baby put Into adoption (Life News). You can even have the choice to have an open adoption where you can keep In touch with your child and know how Its doing throughout his/ her life. I think the fact that there are couples out there aborting because they aren't ready to have a children is unfair to couples dying to have children and the future baby. Abortion is very harmful to the human body not only physically but psychologically. Abortion can cause both short and long term physical complications. One is that abortion can affect women in being able to have healthy pregnancies in the future.After having an abortion women often suffer from depression because of regret, not only that but abortions create a risk of hav ing a miscarriage or pelvic inflammation disease In the future. Abortions aren't helping your life they're ruining it. All of this can be avoided, our bodies weren't made to have abortions. You are taking the life of a human being when you have an abortion. The fetus has a heart beat 5 weeks after the mothers last period and the fetus heart starts pumping blood throughout its body at six weeks (New Health Guide). People say abortions is not killing an actual living being.The time period recommended to have a safe abortion is 10 weeks, by this time the baby is already active. Its teeth and fingernails are growing in, it can start making facial expressions and even have the hiccup (New Health Guide). Please tell me how this isn't a human being. The Declaration of Independence says â€Å"that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness†, but by having an abortio n you are taking the babies right of life and happiness.Abortion can and should be stopped, It's not right nor human to kill a human being because you can't or don't want to take care of It. I understand women are scared or Just don't have the time to take care of a child but adoption Is always a choice. Abortions change women forever and not always for the best. The child has rights and by aborting you are taking the baby's right of life. Affects and you are taking the baby's right of life away, killing is never right under any circumstance, therefore abortion should be illegal.

Barn Burning by William Faulkner

The narrative â€Å"Barn burning† seems to be an imperative one as it very evidently illustrates the typical fight between the â€Å"privileged† and the â€Å"deprived† categories plus reveals how an underprivileged man suffers when the law is rooted in taking the well-off man's side.A further important idea of the story is that it looks at a truth-seeking issue that at what stage should an individual make a preference between what his blood relation(s) and / or kin deems and his personal morals or at what occasion should a youngster depart his parents home and limitations and quit, to make his own decisions?I suppose the reason that this fiction is important is because Faulkner inscribes it in such a manner that it fetches the booklover in and makes him/her empathize with Sarty and his honorable dilemma. The hero in this story is a child named Sarty Snopes, kid of Abner Snopes who is an arsonist. He is an unfortunate, forlorn, and bemused little boy who is at th e kindness of his arrogant father Abner.He is demoralized, immature and has a well-built sense of correct and incorrect. Sarty swears in aid of his father’s defense, and albeit he finds the fairness satisfying, he is indicting his father of the felonies he committed; Ab is Snopes opponent as well. Snopes has endured a very itinerant existence with panic and disgrace because of his father’s crimes.This contradicts with his outlook of justice, correct and incorrect. Snopes eventually comes to the decision and alienated himself from the control of another man and capitulated to his own (Loges, 1998). In appreciating that Snopes becomes a rebel icon to the reader. References Loges, M. L. (1998), Faulkner's Barn Burning, Journal Title: The Explicator, Vol. 57 No. 1, pp. 44-45.

The Works by Lu Huan and Wayne Thiebaud

The Works by Lu Huan and Wayne Thiebaud The Works by Lu Huan Lu Huan is the prominent Chinese artist, poet, and sculptor. He is famous for the miniature carvings of insects and amphibians which are made with paying much attention to each detail, and the examples are taken from life.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Works by Lu Huan and Wayne Thiebaud specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, in spite of the artist’s talent and recognition in China, Lu Huan’s fame is not so wide in the USA, and the number of his works remains to be unseen. The artist’s artworks can impress the audience with the talented imitation of the real insects and amphibians. The replicas are made of a specific stone in order to accentuate the beauty of the miniatures and their resemblance to the insects and amphibians as real living creatures (â€Å"Lu Huan†). Thus, Lu Huan’s artworks are inimitable in their masterly forms and details. Neverthele ss, the uniqueness of the artist’s works is in combination of the elements of poetry and sculpture. It is interesting to note that Lu Huan’s miniatures are ornamented with lines of the poems written by the artist himself according to the traditional Chinese format (â€Å"Lu Huan†). These texts reflect the deep philosophical meaning of each figure of an exotic incest or amphibian made by Lu Huan. It is possible to speak about Lu Huan not only as a talented artist and poet but also as a philosopher because his poems which are inscribed in the stone reflect his vision of life. Furthermore, Lu Huan’s miniatures are also philosophical in their meaning and reflect the aspects of the human existence as it is in his group of miniatures which present the stages of the human life. Thus, the artist’s philosophical vision is represented in his stone miniatures where each detail has the special meaning.Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Works by Wayne Thiebaud Wayne Thiebaud is the famous American commercial artist. It is a surprising fact that the artist started his career in the 1930s, and he is still popular, and his works are recognizable in the sphere of the commercial art. During a long period of time, Thiebaud worked as the representative of the Pop Art movement. Nevertheless, the artist’s approach to painting his works is not commercial, and Thiebaud pays much attention to studying the formal properties of painting (â€Å"Wayne Thiebaud†). Some people can discuss the commercial art as not serious, but Thiebaud’s approach to depicting the typical and familiar subjects presented in the everyday life is more than serious. Painting, Thiebaud studies the qualities of light, color, space, and surface. It is possible to speak about the ‘life of light’ depicted in Thiebaud’s works (â€Å"Wayne Thiebaud†). Although Thiebaud’s artworks are the representations of the everyday subjects and typical landscapes, these works are made with concentrating on the combination of color, light, and space, and they are excellent in relation to the manner of presentation. Furthermore, the objects and places which are depicted by Thiebaud in his pictures are the real ones, and they can be used as the visual diary, presenting all the aspects of the artist’s life (â€Å"Wayne Thiebaud†). It is also important to note that the artist’s approach to painting as the work and investigation and to teaching as the ability to provide people with the knowledge of tools, techniques, and the history of art which is the basic element of studying art is rather mature. Lu Huan 2005. Web. https://www.kqed.org/.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Works by Lu Huan and Wayne Thiebaud specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn Mor e Wayne Thiebaud 2009. Web. https://www.kqed.org/.

Conversation Lesson About the Equality of lMen and Women

Conversation Lesson About the Equality of lMen and Women Debates in class can help English learners practice a wide range of functions including agreeing and disagreeing, negotiating, collaboration with other students, and so on. Often students need help with ideas and thats where this lesson plan can help. Below you will find cues to the discussion concerning equality between men and women to help get students discussing issues related to the debate. Provide ample time for the discussion and then time the debate. This will help encourage precise language use. This debate can easily be carried out between the men and women in the class, or those who believe the statement is true and those who do not. Another variation is based on the idea that having students support opinions that are not necessarily their own during debates can help improve students fluency. In this manner, students pragmatically focus on correct production skills in conversation rather than striving to win the argument. For more information on this approach please see the following feature: Teaching Conversational Skills: Tips and Strategies. Aim Improve conversational skills when supporting a point of view Activity Debate about the question of whether men and women are truly equal. Level Upper-intermediate to advanced Outline Review language used when expressing opinions, disagreeing, making comments on other persons point of view, etc.Write a few ideas on the board to encourage discussion of the equality between men and women: the workplace, the home, government, etc.Ask students if they feel that women are truly equal to men in these various roles and places.Based on students responses, divide groups up into two groups. One group arguing that equality has been achieved for women and one that feels that women have not yet attained true equality to men. Idea: Put students into the group with the opposite opinion of what they seemed to believe in the warm-up conversation.Give students worksheets including ideas pro and con. Have students develop arguments using the ideas on the worksheet as a springboard for further ideas and discussion.Once students have prepared their opening arguments, begin with the debate. Each team has 5 minutes to present their principal ideas.Have students prepare notes and make a rebuttal to the expressed opinions. While the debate is in progress, take notes on common errors made by the students.At the end of the debate, take time for a short focus on common mistakes. This is important, as students should not be too involved emotionally and therefore will be quite capable of recognizing language problems - as opposed to problems in beliefs! Men and Women: Equal at Last? You are going to debate whether women are finally truly equal to men. Use the clues and ideas below to help you create an argument for your appointed point of view with your team members. Below you will find phrases and language helpful in expressing opinions, offering explanations and disagreeing. Opinions, Preferences I think..., In my opinion..., Id like to..., Id rather..., Id prefer..., The way I see it..., As far as Im concerned..., If it were up to me..., I suppose..., I suspect that..., Im pretty sure that..., It is fairly certain that..., Im convinced that..., I honestly feel that, I strongly believe that..., Without a doubt,..., Disagreeing I dont think that..., Dont you think it would be better..., I dont agree, Id prefer..., Shouldnt we consider..., But what about..., Im afraid I dont agree..., Frankly, I doubt if..., Lets face it, The truth of the matter is..., The problem with your point of view is that... Giving Reasons and Offering Explanations To start with, The reason why..., Thats why..., For this reason..., Thats the reason why..., Many people think...., Considering..., Allowing for the fact that..., When you consider that... Yes, Women Are Now Equal to Men Many governments have both male and female representatives.Many companies are now owned or managed by women.A lot of progress has been made since the 1960s.Television series now portray women as successful career makers.Men now share in the raising of children and household responsibilities.Many important laws have been passed to ensure equality in the workplace.In many places, a married couple can choose whether the man or the women takes leave from work to look after the newly arrived baby.People arent discussing equality anymore. It has become a reality.Have you ever heard of Margaret Thatcher? Excuse Me? Women Still Have a Long Way to Go Before They Are Equal to Men Women still earn less than men in many work situations.Women are still portrayed in a superficial manner in many television shows.Look at international sporting. How many professional female leagues are as successful as their male counterparts?Most governments still are made up in their majority of men.We are having this debate because women are not equal. Otherwise, there would be no need to discuss the matter.Women are often not given enough responsibility based on the possibility that they might become pregnant.The number of sexual harassment suits have increased over the past 10 years.Hundreds of years of history cant have been changed in a mere 30 odd years.Have you ever watched Bay Watch?

Reflecive journal inspired by different kinds of media practices and Essay

Reflecive journal inspired by different kinds of media practices and ideas related to my module - Essay Example It is regarded as a recent style as such mechanical potential is very newly set so that low cost and extensive execution can be performed. It allows the effective use of space and potential by allowing various functions to be executed on an individual device. Convergence further has two wider ranges of description and they are technological convergence and media convergence (Arenaza, 2010). Technological convergence is the procedure in which the prevailing machinery that integrates in to new configurations that bring about various kinds of applications and media. Recent appliances and machinery generally manage a particular instruction or to execute some primary jobs (Wise Geek, 2014). Technological convergence allows different devices to collaborate with a broader arrangement of media kinds. With technological improvement, brand new versions of the devices may compromise extra characteristics which were not available in the previous one (Techopedia, 2014). Media convergence is the fact that includes the linkage of communication and information technologies, media material and computer systems. Media convergence is the immediate result of the digitalization of media content and the fame of the Internet. It alters prominent organizations, services and work execution and allows absolutely new designs of content to appear (Flew, 2014). Such advancements can be used both ways either for the good or for the bad. The good is always appreciated by the people and especially the government as it makes their work easier while the bad is always criticized by the people and especially the government as it increases their work to maintain law and order. To make sure that media is not being used for the bad, governments make rules and regulations which restrict the media to a certain limits and ensure that the limits are not being crossed. The communication and media organizations are now few of the major industries of the society. After the

The Introduction to Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Introduction to Business Law - Essay Example This law is called the judge made law. In case of statute law made by the parliament judges interpret in accordance and in connotation with the facts and issues. The quality decisions come from quality of judges and the success of any trade or business if not entirely at least partly depends up on the quality decisions of the judges. Therefore the first part of the statement 'The commercial success of the City of London is, in part, dependent on the quality of the judges in the Commercial Court' is rightly said. It is not in dispute that the judges working all the areas of work in England and Wales are of the highest calibre. They have created a strong and independent judiciary which command respect nationally and internationally. However, an independent Judicial Appointments Commission will take responsibility for the selection of judges in England and Wales cannot be seen as an attempt by Governement to meddle with the justice delivering system. As of now all the judicial appointments are entirely in the hands of the Government. To have a transparent, independant judicial system it is imperative that the system must be independent from governement. If the appointments of the judges are in the hands of governement, it is quite not possible to believe that the judiciary is independent of governement. The existing Commission has not received any criticism and it proved it is efficient and successful. But the commission is assigned with limited functions such as (a) conducting an ongoing audit of judcial appointments, with a right to access every document, access to interviews and shifts and opinion in relation to every appointment. (b) to recommond the Lord Chancellar to improve the process of appointment (c) to consider complaints relating to application appointment procedures in individual cases (d) to receive coments from organisation and individuals on appointment process. With these limited assignments it could achieve limited results. Under the existing system the responsibility of appointing the judiciary is solly resting on Lord Chancellor, and Governement Minister. Commission has not much involvement in appointment procedure except as an observator. This system could not win the confidence of the public. Apart from this, as judicial appointments are made from a pool of qualified and meritorious candidates, this small group of intellectuals is dominent by white, male and a specific narrow social background. Without distrubing the standards for appointment of a judge, it is necessary to open up the system to have people of calibre from myriad social as well as legal backgrounds so as to represent the society as a whole. The commission has to see that the appointment procedures attract more women, more minority members, and lawyers from a wider range of practice. Such a system affords opportunities to all qualified candidates with the appropriate professional skills and expertise. This will instill

Professional Journal Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Professional Journal Paper - Essay Example During the course of reading of the article, it seems that in spite of comprehensive review of literature; the author failed to provide a proper framework of study. The article missed the quality of coherence. The author discussed the patterns of crimes in logical manners. He, even, did not ignore the nature of crimes in different states of the United States. In his opinion, these crimes can be rooted out from the society after the elimination of the causes of the crimes. However, he did not discuss reasons in proper context. For example, he considers the increasing cases of theft as the natural consequence of ‘split families’, but he ignored the view of biologists who traced the roots of theft in human genes. The author conducted a survey to ascertain the problems of judicial system. Open ended questions have been included in the questionnaire of the survey which enhanced the scope of the research. The respondents of the questions are mainly adolescents, which raised a figure at the credibility of the research as mature opinion is missing in the research. The writer explained the social phenomenon of crimes in good context. He traced the roots of crimes in the social problems of the society. For example, commenting upon the recent mass shooting incident at a college of New York, he blamed stress and depression of the teen agers as the major cause and stressed upon the need of the promotion of more recreational activities to develop competition among teen agers. While analyzing, he ignored the efforts of the rehabilitation department and analyze the incident superficially. The suggestions for the overhauling of the criminal justice system can be declared as old wine in new bottle. (Sameul 1977) However, the article carries new information for the practicing lawyers. They can use this angle of information for the benefits of their clients. He discussed the various clauses and articles of the constitution in different contexts thus contributed to the

Innocence and Experience Essay Example for Free

Innocence and Experience Essay At one point in our lives we were all children, learning things about life, experiencing new things, and understanding life’s lessons. We were all naive and knew nothing about the world around us, we were all innocent to life and what it had to bring. It was not until we grew older that we began to lose our innocence with every new experience. Growing older means taking responsibility, accepting and overcoming life’s hardships and understanding oneself. So as we reach adulthood we begin to question when the conversion from innocence to experience occurs and what causes and marks this coming of age. In the novel They Poured Fire on Us From The Sky, the characters and plot prolong the opposition of innocence and experience and show us how they continuously overlap and occur throughout the lifetime of an individual. By analyzing the boy’s experiences of being refugees, their encounters with war, and their relationship and appreciation for the Dinkaland, we become aware of the connection between innocence and experience and how it is portrayed and represented in the novel. Starvation, isolationism, and confusion, are words we unknowingly associate with refugees. None of us can fully understand and begin to relate to the thoughts and emotions of refugees. Most of what we know has been through books or media where the hardship of refugee life is depicted as horrifying, desperate, and unresponsive. In They Poured Fire on Us From the Sky, one of the main characters, Alepho depicts life as a refugee while giving us instances of experience where we are shown his loss of innocence. Through the text Alepho gives us a first hand account of his experience with being a refugee and how he has matured, transitioned into adulthood, and through all of this has ultimately been stripped of his innocence. â€Å" The Soldiers who came to camp always said, â€Å"You know, I think there will be peace. † But although people always hoped and prayed for peace, peace never came and we lost hope† (Deng 271). Not only does this show how through their experiences they realize peace will never come but also how they have given up on hoping for a better future. Their innocence has been lost through every thought of hope that has never been achieved. At only a young age Alepho and the other boys have already experienced so much devastation, corruption and loneliness, leaving only their childhood memories as a connection to their innocence. Not only did being a refugee leave mental scars but it also had a lasting impact on their physical well-being. â€Å"Being a refugee is something that many people cannot understand. Refugee life was like being devoured by wild animals. We lived five of us in one house. The little ration we received we collected together and cooked as a meal once a day. Though we had an appetite there wasn’t enough to eat as young growing boys with tender bones and body. Nutritional diseases were rampant in the camp. Children died from marasmas, kwashiorkor, anemia, and beriberi. Rickets was the worst with the young boys; almost every boy was bow-legged. It was hard for boys to go to school with empty stomachs. An empty stomach cannot carry a healthy mind† (Deng 274). This depicts a more vivid picture of what refugee life was like and how impacting it was to their health. They became famished, and their health was slowly deteriorating with every meal that they skipped, and every disease acquired. As a result, we see how at such a young age the boys life was corrupted and how they had to experience things that most people don’t experience in a lifetime. Starvation, devastation, and loneliness, were the only things we as children saw in movies or games, we could never imagine ever experiencing it first hand. The boys were stripped of their innocence as children, grown to be familiar with an empty stomach, separated from their family, and above all had no place to truly call home. Through each experience they faced they lost all ties to their innocence and were forced to mature in a world of corruption, and isolationism. We have all heard the word war, whether through textbooks in school, or stories passed down from our grandparents. We have all been some what introduced to the concept of war, World War I and II, Vietnam, The Civil War, and the current Middle Eastern War, are just some of the wars we have been taught about. However, none of us have experienced the horrific emotions, and psychological pain that comes along with being involved in war. We all know adults or friends who have served for our country, but what we are not familiar with are children who have been forced into war by means of cruelty. In the novel, the young boys are taken from their homes and forced into war, and the life of a refugee. â€Å" But I didn’t understand this complicated war, how it mortally devoured the land and left it so full of skeletons. The adults talked of the war all the time. They discussed slavery, apartheid, racism, segregation, and tribalism. They called it a religious war. A jihad. I heard all the words but I didn’t understand them. I think kids feel differently about things than adults do. From what I could see men or woman, children or adults, young or aged, rich or poor, war was making everyone equal† (Deng 123). This shows how the boys are naive and innocent to the war, and the reasoning and purpose of it, but this innocence is soon lost when the boys experience death of friends and family, life of a refugee, and the horrors of war. The boys are innocent in the fact that they do not understand the concept or reason for war but their experience throughout it show they have fully made the transition from innocence to experience or childhood to adulthood. Throughout the book we see how the boys show experience over innocence but when it comes to understanding war, and what causes it, the boys immaturity comes through. â€Å"We said that a lot. As children, seven or eight years old, we knew nothing about the world, just that we were not in our mama’s house no more† (Deng 123). The boys are so innocent to the world around them and what’s going on, that all they do know is that things have changed and they are not home anymore. At one point in the novel the boys experienced innocence. They were so naive to not only the world, but also to the concept of war. However, as we become more familiar with the boys and follow them on their endeavors as refugees we can see how through their experiences their innocence was lost. Family and friends, are something most of us take for granted, the thought of loosing them is indescribable. Family and friends are to most of us, the most structured and important relationships in our lives. Family is what helps you overcome difficulties, and friends are there to share laughs and build memories with. In some cases people have lost family members due to serious illness or other circumstances but very few to almost none in our society have been taken away from their families and community to be refugees of war. Alepho, Benjamin and Benson have all been taken away from their family and Dinkaland, and forced to be refugees of war. â€Å"Since my wandering began, there hasn’t been a day or night that I do not think back to my family, our people and lovely Dinkaland† (Deng 3). The boys have been taken away from their home and familiar way of life, to become refugees of the war. The boy’s loss of innocence is shown through every thought of family and home. They are so young and have been taken out of their familiar way of life to live a life of corruption and unfamiliarity. Through this we see how experience has a drastic effect on ones innocence, and we see through every experience the boy’s lose a touch of innocence. â€Å"When I sometimes have nightmares about all the things that happened when our peaceful village life turned to chaos, that feeling of not being able to move during my initiation still overcomes me† (Deng 10). This shows Alepho’s response to the war and when it finally arrived to their time. The memories of that day still haunt him, and overpower him with fear. One can say that this is the first time the boys innocence is lost and the last time we see his total state of innocence. This quote helps depict Alephos attitude and how much of a drastic affect it has on him. From their experiences, the boys lose their naivety and begin their world of maturity and responsibilities where they learn from experience, and ultimately make the transition from innocence to experience. In our society today events and cultural celebrations mark the coming of age such as birthdays, Sweet Six-teens, Graduation, and the ability to vote. Today age eighteen marks the beginning of adulthood where childhood becomes a thing of the past and society expects you to begin to take responsibility and show maturity in not only the choices you make, but also the actions you engage in. However as we can see in the novel They Poured Fire on Us From the Sky, Alepho, Benjamin, and Benson have all shown maturity through their experiences and consequently a loss of innocence. Through reading their stories and analyzing the text we can see how the boys experience in war, being a refugee, and their appreciation for the Dinkaland has forced them into the transition from innocence to experience, at such a young age. Ultimately we are shown that innocence and experience are directly related, with experience we lose innocence and with our innocence we are more vulnerable to experiences that will shape our lives. Both of these entities continuously overlap and often reoccur through out the life of an individual.

Othello: Moral and Immoral Aspects of the Play Essay -- GCSE Coursewor

Othello: Moral and Immoral Aspects of the Play  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Certain aspects of the moral dimension of the Shakespearean tragedy Othello are obvious to the audience, for example, the identity of the most immoral character. Other aspects are not so noticeable. Let us in this essay consider in depth this dimension of the drama.    Francis Ferguson in â€Å"Two Worldviews Echo Each Other† describes the deception of Iago: how he paints as evil a guiltless association between Cassio and Desdemona:    The main conflict of the play is a strange one, for Othello cannot see his opponent until too late. But the audience sees with extraordinary clarity. In Act II Iago tricks Cassio into disgracing himself, and then takes advantage of the guileless affection between Cassio and Desdemona to create, for Othello, the appearance of evil. He explains this scheme to the audience, with mounting pleasure, as it develops; and by Act III he is ready to snare Othello himself. . . .(133)    The moral and immoral dimension of Othello, especially the latter, is enhanced simply by its location in Italy. Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar in â€Å"The Engaging Qualities of Othello† comment on how the exotic setting of this play satisfied the Elizabethan dramatist’s dream of portraying evil:    Elizabethan dramatists were fond of portraying characters of consummate evil, and if they could lay the scenes in Italy, all the better, because the literature and legend of the day were filled with stories of the wickedness of Italy. [. . .] Venice especially had a glamor and an interest beyond the normal. Every returning traveler had a tall tale to tell about the beauty and complaisance of Venetian women, the passion, jealousy, and quick anger o... ...reenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare: The Pattern in His Carpet. N.p.: n.p., 1970.    Jorgensen, Paul A. William Shakespeare: The Tragedies. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1985.    Pitt, Angela. â€Å"Women in Shakespeare’s Tragedies.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare’s Women. N.p.: n.p., 1981.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"The Engaging Qualities of Othello.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Introduction to The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare. N. p.: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957.      

Ethics and Religion

ABSTRACT. Although it seems that ethics and religion should be related, past research suggests mixed conclusions on the relationship. We argue that such mixed results are mostly due to methodological and conceptual limitations. We develop hypotheses linking Cornwall et al.
s (1986, Review of Religious Research, 27(3): 266–244) religious components to individuals
willingness to justify ethically suspect behaviors. Using data on 63,087 individuals from 44 countries, we find support for three hypotheses: the cognitive, one affective, and the behavioral component of religion are negatively related to thics. Surprisingly, one aspect of the cognitive component (i. e. , belief in religion) shows no relationship. Implications for research and practice are discussed. KEY WORDS: religion, ethics, cross-national study Introduction The link between religion and ethics seems obvious (Tittle and Wlech, 1983; Weaver and Agle, 2002). Religions, through the values they embody, often build th e basis for what is considered right and wrong (Turner, 1997). Religion produces both formal and informal norms and provides people with a freedom/constraint duality by prescribing behaviors ithin some acceptable boundaries (Fararo and Skvoretz, 1986). Such norms, values, and beliefs are often codified into a religious code such as the Bible or the Koran. In Christian religions, for instance, the Ten Commandments provide a broad basis of codified ethical rules that believing Christians must K. Praveen Parboteeah (Ph. D. Washington State University) is an Associate Professor of International Management in the Department of Management, University of Wisconsin – Whitewater. Parboteeah
s research interests include international management, ethics, religion and technology and nnovation management. He has published articles in numerous academic journals including Academy of Management Journal, Organization Science, Decision Sciences, Small Group Research, Journal of Business Ethics , Journal of World Business, Management International Review, International Journal of Human Resource Management, R&D Management and Journal of Engineering and Technology Management. Martin Hoegl (Ph. D. University of Karlsruhe, Germany) is Professor at WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management, where he holds the Chair of Leadership and Human Resource Management. Before joining WHU, he served on the faculties of Washington State University and Bocconi University (Milan, Italy). His research interests include leadership and collaboration in organizations, management of R&D personnel, knowledge creation in innovation processes, and the management of geographically dispersed collaboration. He has published in leading international journals, including the Academy of Management Journal, Organization Science, the Journal of Management, Decision Sciences, and others. John B. Cullen is Professor of Management at Washington State University. He has also served on the faculties of the University of Nebraska, the University of Rhode Island, Waseda and Keio Universities in Japan (as a Fulbright lecturer), and the Catholic University of Lille in France. Professor Cullen is the past president of the Western Academy of Management. Professor Cullen is the author or co-author of four books and over 60 journal articles. His publications have appeared in journals such as Administrative Science Quarterly, Academy of Management Journal, Journal of International Business Studies, Journal of Management, Organizational Studies, Management International Review, Journal of Vocational Behavior, American Journal of Sociology, Organizational Dynamics, and the Journal of World Business. He currently serves on the editorial board of the Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies and has served on the editorial boards of the Academy of Management Journal and Advances in International Comparative Management Journal. Journal of Business Ethics (2008) 80:387–398
Springer 2007 DOI 10. 1007/s10551-007-9439-8 follow in order to actualize what they believe in (e. g. , salvation). In turn, through daily exposure to orms, customs, laws, scripts, and practices, religions impart societal members with values and produce expectational bonds or ‘‘reciprocal expectations of predictability’’ (Field, 1979) that eventually become taken for granted. Such values often provide guides for what are considered ethical behaviors for most of the world
s religions (Fisher, 2001). Furthermore, in societies where one or few rel igions are dominant, the overarching core values of these religions are likely to be mirrored in secular values of society (codified law or non-codified social norms), which regulate everyday activity and thical behavior. However, despite the above conceptual tie between religions and ethics, research has provided mixed conclusions on the relationship (Tittle and Welch, 1983; Weaver and Agle, 2002). For instance, some studies have found no difference between religious and non-religious individuals on unethical behaviors such as dishonesty and cheating (e. g. , Hood et al. , 1996; Smith et al. , 1975), while a negative relationship was found between use of illegal substances and individual religiousness (Khavari and Harmon, 1982). The results are no more definitive for studies linking religions to usiness ethics. For instance, Kidwell et al. (1987) found no relationship between religiosity and ethical judgments of managers while Agle and Van Buren (1999) found a small positive relati onship between religious beliefs and corporate social responsibility. Furthermore, even studies linking marketing ethics with religiousness have found insignificant results (Vitell and Paolillo, 2003), whereby religiosity was found unrelated to consumer ethics. Taken together, the above supports Hood et al.
s (1996: 341) view of research between religion and ethics as ‘‘something f a roller coaster ride’’ and the difficulty to reach definitive conclusions about the relationship (Weaver and Agle, 2002). We, however, believe that the mixed results are mostly due to the following conceptual and methodological issues. First, most studies tend to consider only unidimensional conceptualizations of religion, such as church attendance or religious affiliations (e. g. , Agle and Van Buren, 1999; Schwartz and Huisman, 1995). However, De Jong et al.
s (1976) empirical test of the multidimensional view of religion clearly shows that ‘‘religion seems far t oo complex an arena of human behavior – as iverse and heterogeneous as human behavior – not to include many different and unrelated types of variables’’ (Dittes, 1969: 618). Therefore, it seems important to consider more multidimensional measures of religiosity to get a richer understanding of the relationship between ethics and religiosity. Second, even those studies that have considered multiple dimensions have done so without regard for conceptual support for the choice of their dimensions (e. g. , Agle and Van Buren, 1999). In addition, some studies have even included numerous dimensions and chosen those dimensions hat fit their results (e. g. , Conroy and Emerson, 2004). We believe that it is crucial to consider theoretical models that guide the choice of dimensions. Third, most studies have considered only one religion (e. g. , Angelidis and Ibrahim, 2004; Conroy and Emerson, 2004). Given the similarities of what is considered ethical behavior by th e major world religions (Fisher, 2001), we suggest considering cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of religiosity (rather than specific religious denominations) as predictors of ethics. Fourth, Weaver and Agle (2002) argue that many f the ethical measures have been attitudinal and may thus suffer from social desirability biases. It is therefore important to consider measures that do not elicit socially desirable responses. Finally, many studies have emphasized narrow, and for this subject matter, peculiar samples of undergraduate and MBA students (e. g. , Angelidis and Ibrahim, 2004; Conroy and Emerson, 2004; Kidwell et al. , 1987). Thus, in addition to issues of generalizability to wider populations, Tittle and Welch (1983) have also warned that student samples should be viewed with skepticism given the role of eligion at such ages. Research is needed using more comprehensive samples that target representative populations in terms of age and culture. Given the above, we investigate the relationships between multiple dimensions of religion and ethics. We use data from the World Values Survey (WVS) (2000) to examine how specific dimensions of religion (Weaver and Agle, 2002) are related to ethics and thus incorporate multiple religious denominations and multiple facets of the Kidwell, J. M. , R. E. Stevens and A. L. Bethke: 1987, Differences in the Ethical Perceptions Between Male